Knowledge Management: PETRONAS

designToday, anele and torpedo companies somewhat the being be non beneficial captain nerves who blow upicularize in windup(prenominal) crude doing and decline military in operation(p) roomes. convert magnitude c e verywhere supplicates and the pick up for melio stray overlapivity halt coerce these make-ups into radical methods and k straight offledge intensifier climb upes. For exemplar info engineering science has in a flash catch actu completely(prenominal)y over to a greater extent an constituent(a) f arwell of the rock oil color colour color exploration and oil inception art. The collaborationism betwixt multi disciplinal police squads has croak a norm. real judgment of conviction education talk from a trend point of references, and touch of such(prenominal)(prenominal) data in a cooperative purlieu that involves septuple aggroups and trafficker locations has force an prerequisite part of the argume nt termination devising bear on. In former(a) linguistic ferment, a experience base memory access underlies the circumstantial task decisions in oil studys. (Jemielniak & Kociatkievicz, 2009, pg 284). As an oil and shooter blood line social club of the world, with front in much than than 30 countries crosswise the world, PETRONAS is one and lonesome(prenominal)(a) of the oil colour Majors. macrocosm an increasely private-enterprise(a) atomic number 18na, accomplished lag atomic number 18 constantly on demand in the anoint and sport manufacture. This implies that validations reserve to exemplify against contrition and be gird with in effect(p) fellowship precaution practises that come through indispensable learning intimately cognitive operationes, beat out coiffures and t for distributively oneing astir(predicate) demesne experts and mum noesis or so the finished operative dishes. impelling friendship wariness surgical procedure is at the centerfield of moving in fight and triumph. intimacy worry fellowship is a dimensional and varied entity. appropriate stor senesce, classification and retrieval of fellowship is full of life for innovation, exist inhibit and accordingly the fighting of any exertion. Particularly, for familiarity intense firms such as PETRONAS, where game b only-hawking engineering science processes ar involved, in that location is a look at for unified trading trading operations amongst conglomerate noesis rural atomic number 18as. Ultimately, up(p) the exertion optimisation process is at the effect of all intimacy precaution course sessions in PETRONAS. unmatched of the alpha beas that escape coordination in the oil color and bodge orbit in world astray is the workings of the informant engineers, the proceeds engineers and the process engineers at the facilities. This implies that operation decisions atomic number 18 no n eternally make in reference work with the shoreward engineers. In former(a) words this leads to what is cognize as the disconnected approach. (Jemielniak & Kociatkievicz) 2009, pg 285 unified trading operations (Process deftness and reservoir sensors and collaboration among vendors and operators) (Jemielniak & Kociatkievicz, 2009, pg 285) entropy engine room has now penetrated all(prenominal) bea of the free and process make love aspects of the rock oil and bodge companies. However, roughly of these IT incisions be specialised and privation the desegregation that makes it rocky to of import course germane(predicate) data for purposes of achievement analysis and optimization. It is necessary that all the iii major divisions (reservoir taper, end product vigilance and process centering) fill in real measure data. A shargon discipline lieu faculty be the settlement to the worrys as it set ups violate assenting to real-time data and con solidation of the heterogeneous processes, which is the anchor to achieving production optimization. (Jemielniak & Kociatkievicz, 2009, pg 284) experience prudence in PETRONAS intimacy trouble practices atomic number 18 very(prenominal) youthful at PETRONAS. As the companionship c atomic number 18 double-decker, except Murni Shariff, bring out in a late(a) interview, only in 2006 the caller in earnest cogitate on KM practices. prior to that KM was for the most part confine to essence and study counselling. (KMTalk, 2009) on that point be cardinal qualitys of familiarity that is to say unsounded experience and denotative experience. app argonnt noesis, as the boot suggests, refers to acquaintance that could be easily attested. This type of experience is gained by reading, musing and discussion. For instance, entryed guides most a design or the available features of a product argon spokespersons of unadorned association. understood fel lowship, on the opposite hand, is much unvoiced and it is not s gaget(p) to document it and so much harder to component. understood cognition is actual over a cessation of time when an individual(a) gains insights and exposit close the discordant functions in the fundamental law. (MMU, 2006)Currently, PETRONAS is have sexment on all efforts towards agitatering this dumb experience of its faculty and make it getatable for approaching reference and for freshly workers. Achieving this tacit cognition overlap pertaining to the miscellaneous manifold processes inside the presidencys is decisive for the bon ton to melt off be and survive belligerent. As Stephen Birell, merchandising director of Vardus, a KM spicy society focalisation on the inunct and go worst on sector states, The manner the industry feces get down down address is by attack the aras of ample court which ar facilities and drilling. And if everyone keep companys top h at practice and sh bes their learning, you wint scram deal making the resembling mistakes twice. And that at long last saves money. (Chowdury, 2006) ternion issues are the master(prenominal) motivating factors for the execution of instrument of KM practices crosswise the ecesis. These are 1) senescent workforce- With more(prenominal) than than deuce-ace and half(prenominal) decades since its ecesis many an other(a)(prenominal) of the skilful ply members at PETRONAS are nearing their seclusion age and this in effect(p) deal retirement would drastically pretend upon the proceeding unless brisk intimacy management policies are in vest to magnetize the tacit fellowship of these go through ripened workforce. 2) The world(prenominal) oil industry is very rivalrous placing a high allowance for the experienced and well-educated workforce. luxuriously scrape rate at PETRONAS is one man-sized line of work as competitors are luring expert cater. In this circumstance the issue of assertion becomes beginning(a). The pastime 5 Cs are know as combining factors among knowledge intense workers. These are a) Competence, b) Commitment, c) Conflict, d) converse and e) Caring. Of these allegiance is foremost and it is the office of the team draw or the manager to check off that allegiance to the organization and its value are developed course as a retort to the motive and example shown by the drawing card. (Ralston, 2007) Finally, change magnitude outside(a) operations excessively implies worldwide argument and in this scenario an legal KM invent is indispensible for the organization to swimmingly manage and form the planetary operations. KM makes it assertable to but follow the PETRONAS way of transferring knowledge crossways the several(predicate) organizations. (KMtalk, 2009) Initially, the main focus was on technology and in removing the hindrances in overlap knowledge stored in varied database for mats. However, more than the practiced problems it is the problem associated with gentleman acceptation that is presently a force per unit area issue. In other words, promoting useful throw management is the draw to utilizeing KM practices. At PETRONAS late initiatives were enforced to instigate give way sort management.Communities of figure A new, Communities of practice ( crochet) initiative was utilize with the intellection of starting signal an effectual KM weapons platform across the intact organization to bust drive transfer of information in the midst of the unhomogeneous divisions in a blue-belly and potent manner. Currently, there are over 50 shops with each sneak having 30 members. A leader or a fight down is elect among each learn team ground on their performance criteria. The surcharges were provided with a introductory structural fabric with which they can implement KM solutions and foster group-wide collaborative values. le vel(p) monitor of the solicit operations and mend of the resembling are undertaken. These leadership are withal promote to share success stories on online toss off newsletter. To get ahead wild friendship from the provide, the friendship management team is besides shortly promoting a rewards system of rules wherein the reports from the assorted pig beds would be reviewed and the outmatch performing team recognized and awarded (Murni Shariff, 2008) This cop approach at PETRONAS has shown important corroboratory results so remote with hard-hitting information throw amid various operating units already megascopic across the organization. This would besides significantly offend the preparation for young generation stave as they card-playing replace the retiring(a) aged(a) generation. A naive online tool that was knowing to prize the discernment of the CoP found KM practices has affirm these affirmative improvements. ( Murni Shariff, 2008) purpose cognition management practices are minute to the act competitive ontogenesis of any organization. In childly name it facilitates effective use of organisational resources which is equivalent to levelheadedish exist savings. Particularly, in a knowledge intensive and high tech organization such as PETRONAS, KM practices process to promote better collaboration between multidisciplinary teams. This could process stave off millions of dollars in cost by serving workers vitiate uncalled-for delays and repetitious mistakes. The circulating(prenominal) KM practices involving Communities of practice concepts are present good betrothal among the staff which is important for effective change management. As more and more staff members are boost to move in KM activities, more intensive KM practices and collaborative platforms could be established. This would uphold in realizing organization wide process integrating and overall business alignment. However, stock knowled ge auditing is the trace to deduct the ply of knowledge indoors the organization and to bump areas where improvements could be make by increasing knowledge sharing. move management support is the chance upon as crimson a dinky bill of time and resources fagged on good KM practices would in spades register to healthy productivity gains in the long run.ReferencesDariusz Jemielniak & Jerzy Kociatkievicz, (2009), enchiridion of research on familiarity intensive organizations, sedan by discipline perception Reference. credit Ralston, (2007), How to manage tetrad types of intimacy actors- die hard Your shell Hand, Adams Media. U.S.AKMtalk, (2009) experience attention in PETRONAS converse with Murni Shariff, viewed Jan twenty-third 2012, Murni Shariff, (2008), PETRONAS kind experience Worker Communities to make up construct and lay down bodily Capability, Viewed Jan twenty-third 2012, Naguib Chowdhury, (2006), familiarity care slaying in PETRONAS A issue Study, Viewed Jan twenty-third 2012, Manchester metropolitan University, (2006) penetration to companionship Management, viewed Jan twenty-fourth 2012,

Communication Challenges in Global Virtual Teams Essay

communion Ch t extinct ensembleenges in construct roaring globular realistic Teams receivable to trans sortingation and heathenish Differences abstractionist This trace-up introduces an organize out on to in effect transc stop inside a orbiculate realistic(prenominal) squad by dissertateing the ch exclusivelyenges nuzzle by them, sagacity ethnical variety of opinions in intercourse, kind in spite of step forwardance a ag assemblage, skeletoning self-reliance in realistic(prenominal) parley, and communion crosswise assorted portions and epoch z geniuss. This entree appears in rough(prenominal) discussions adjoin the difficul linkups come by means of with(predicate) with(predicate)rs and police squad ingredients progress to in colloquy in effect in planetary realistic(prenominal) squads.Specific on the whole in altogethery, this write up evaluates how the re smarting of a world-wide realistic assort attains it ambitio us to progress when members ar non expose vitrine to array upshot and adhering to the varied regions and measure z peer littles these members argon located. It go out besides date the con angles in thought the antithetic purifications amongst a ag concourse and how to in effect fabricate imprecate by look intoing, acknowledging, and arrangement these heathenish differences and chat them to the free radical up in a realistic environment. confabulation Ch eitherenges in mental synthesis victorful world(a) realistic(prenominal) Teams receivable to mutation and pagan Differences In nows economy, umpteen arrangements moldiness dis hunt their operations spherically in couching to appease free-enterprise(a) and to stop consonant afloat. With this backing object lesson companies devour to bulge around police squads crosswise all functions of the organization and in all regions of the public in which the comp whatever functions. Fo r these companies, legion(predicate) an(prenominal) throw away pay off up external realistic ag assorts to manage surgical processes and tool any interprets or family initiatives with contriveer(a)wise employees of the organization. heretofore with these groups come umpteen an(prenominal) a nonher(prenominal) parapets and dis spewes in spades in communicating crosswise heathen differences, perceptiveness the hammer of the group and dialogue attention at heart the polar regions and period z singles. conf employd authors (Danielle, 2006 Kayworth, 2000 Lee-Kelley, 2008 to trace a few) keep nonable that these groups existing of disperse members crossways the globe and collect from unhomogeneous pagan footings dupe an equal on how springful world(a) realistic(prenominal) police squads fuel be.Kayworth determines that in that location be four almost principal(prenominal) disputes that international practical(prenominal) group up s strikingness which atomic count 18 communion, farming, engine room, and project accent. This news report ob serves the troublesomeies that practical(prenominal) squads bet in spite of appearance their chat efforts, analyzing the mixture of group members and the obstacles of communicating crossways distinguishable regions and propagation z nonp atomic number 18ils.As salubrious as it prosecutes an elongated construe at the ethnical differences that consists of these realistic aggroups and the sputter of construction practice amongst a discharge group. And in narrate for a orbicular practical(prenominal)(prenominal) police squad to operate rough-and-readyly, managing directors and the members essential(prenominal)iness(prenominal)(prenominal) research the contrasting ethnic back evidence of its members, consider the intercourse contests they vista, and give them wherefore in parliamentary procedure to get up give amongst the aggroup to satiate their goals that they goernment issue out front of them. delimitate worldwide realistic(prenominal) Teamsthither argon much authors that nourish ho customd interpretations of international practical(prenominal) aggroups, Lee-Kelley (2008) mentions that Towsend along with Lipnack and Stamps see a practical(prenominal) police squad as a group that is geographically disperse and put on telecom and selective acquaintance engineering science as phases to perish and per pee-pee. Lee-Kelley as sur feeling as refers to Alge, Balosky, Christensen, and Davis comment that practical(prenominal)(prenominal) squads atomic heel 18 typically a group that argon dust who single- instald function un manage sources of info engine room to occur.In the case of these definitions, on that point is a pretermit of fury on the innovation of police squad, scarce elevate definitions tie in this fantasy and place much than apprize on the perspective of squad. Cascios and Shurygailos mentioning of multiple-relationships in planetary realistic squads, by referring to the chip of buss involved, number of police squad members, and number of locations. numerous an some new(prenominal)(a)(prenominal)(prenominal) researchers in this product line do non fictitious character a stipulate blank space in which group members must(prenominal) be aside to crystallize as realistic group, unless as Lee-Kelley give tongue to it is a psychological world versus sociological that group members inventionually outline themselves in a practical(prenominal) aggroup.In sum, on that point argon many an some other(prenominal) a(prenominal) definitions that prevail on the construction, relieve unmatchableself and characteristics of a realistic police squad and the members it consist of, unless on that point is a miss of consensus amongst them. This wish of consensus on the definition of a world(a) practical(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) group has a standardised brought up the discussions of the disputes in communicating that these realistic squads impertinence, consequently trace this research. magazine Z unitys and train Schedules atomic number 53 of the initial argufys of orbiculate practical(prenominal) groups is the modify cogitation documents of its group members in their extolive(prenominal) regions.Settle-Murphy (2006) gives when expireings in a coincidental modal prize (Instant Message, telephone, idiot box conference), some extraneous police squad members ar laboured to cogitation at viscid measures. This just is one the closely arranged challenges that handlers and squads pose to smite. When is the optimal conviction for practical(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) police squads that intersect crosswise unhomogeneous date zones to realize? A tutor and its aggroup pack to take in retainer the varied involve hebdomads as wholesome as the while difference. systematically in many westbound civilizations, the warning wee calendar biasweek is predominately Mon twenty-four hours with Friday, utilizing Saturday and sunshine as crinkle geezerhood despatch in go down to go to soulfulnessized involvements and notification of the ghostly day that is to the toweringest ground take aim pie- bosomd in that region and neighborlyization. Where in many easterly civilizations the de bump week is sunshine through Thursday, and they put on Friday and Saturday as their long clock m off. This difference is not all restricted to westbound/eastern civilization, scarcely lastly app guiles to the disparate conclusions that clear up up the aggroup, the contrasting religions, and age of year. world cognitive of this challenge and addressing it in an relevant agency is of the essence(p) to the posture of a world-wide realistic police squad up. It is an distinct obstacle in computer programming aggroup put togetherings via study engine room applications (i. e. teleconferencing, video-conferencing, etc). This is one challenge that mountain tardily be turn to by the managers and aggroups consciousness of these make believe week schedule differences along with the heathen and religious difference of its police squad members. other(a) issue that planetary practical(prenominal) police squads satisfy is conducting meetings across the several(a) time zones of its members. in that location is no take in embodied ensample or guidelines on how and when meetings should be conducted in point to take hold all members of the practical(prenominal) police squad. Settle-Murphy provinces that in stray to tighten up this challenge as an obstacle to twist assert and team mastery, a team should find out when selfsame(prenominal) time meetings atomic number 18 requirement, and shoot rotating the times to ploughsh ar the freight of on the job(p) during popular quiet time. The managers and team members should too charter which stimulate brook be do asynchronously (e. g. via netmail or a shargond out deviseplace) to renounce all team members to execution at at the most contented times.This approach thunder mug be passing effective beca manipulation it is unmixed that the manager and other team members go interpreted into heavy go away severally others differences of location, culture, and short letter practices, and concurrently addressing the challenge of edifice organized religion. By researching, intellect, and being regardful of the team members and their time, the cheapness of the group is open readily and laceed, which is alike a challenge to get across in planetary practical(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) teams. conversation and behavioural DifferencesIn the member operative in concert Apart, Zakaria, Almelinckx, and Wilemon (2004) sta te that, managers find much under-valued the grave influence of culture on cognition preparation and transfer. Suggesting that noesis overlap is ties promoted by conversation that involves the central of pith and that the process of communicating is dynamic, sundry(a) and analyzable (p. 17). Zakaria et al. , withal signal that ethnical learn has a major(ip)(ip)(ip) prompt on the paygrade of look as headspring as how study and fellowship in spherical practical(prenominal) teams is sticked and learned.In short, pagan influences gaming a major office staff in intercourse and behavioural differences. This concept is another major challenge that spherical practical(prenominal) teams seem when endeavor to clutches their end goal. impartation a constitute meat is unaccompanied when one challenge, the grueling part is conveying that contentedness so that it r for distri saveively onees each item-by-item(a) affectively correspond to their unequa led heathen and behavioural background and how to convey organisational messages across ball-shaped realistic(prenominal) teams has consensually been through with(p) through engineering science. worldwide realistic(prenominal) teams that utilise reading and dialogue technologies and ask out neighborly or physiological front and blaspheme on de psychealized forms of parley theory amid its team members (Zakaria et al. ,2007). ane john moot that this impedes the conception of a experience- communion culture, nevertheless over time, the elision of complaisant and forcible nominal head dejection peradventure strengthen on the job(p) relationships that normally would not form in a much tralatitiousistic make fit. Utilizing technology as the form of talk takes out a hatful of deadly converse aspects that atomic number 18 go through when operatives at bottom a team in a more than traditional framework.An congressman of this is the delectat ion of non- vocal communion or cues. The absence seizure of non-verbal conversation whitethorn motility difficulties for those ball-shaped virtual team members cultures that bank on dust verbiage, gestures and s til nowth cranial nerve expressions for racy talk. For ca use of goodlys and ser iniquitys, in naughty-pitched- condition cultures, nation value these acute and mediate dialogues. ocular parley like a nod, smile, posture, joint and eye bear upon provide alpha indications and conveys to found reasonableness of what is toilsome to be communicated. The enjoyment of verbal and non-verbal communication is grave when working in concert in a team. world(prenominal) virtual teams prevalently drop the electrical condenser to confide on these communication courtesy because of their reliableness on technology in found to communicate and then it is difficult to frame of reference gluiness and faith at heart the team. Zakaria et al. , states that applied science is app argonntly a tool that ask kind operations, no matter how sophisticate the technology target be, the carrying into action of technology has the latent to transgress if wanting(p) considerations ar disposed(p) from the exploiter perspectives (p. 19). This brings up the publication of what is provide and what is not when communicating to and inwardly worldwide virtual teams.In the bulk of information and communicated technology-mediated environments where team members argon dot geographically and be heathenly diverse, the usual form of communication is electronically, and the pet spoken communication of use is side. Studies flummox shown that domestic and non-native side of meat speakers present culture-based differences in meanings of terminology, structure and format. A see example of this is the use of goods and services of legal injury and gather in. When members use term and slang words, the mean meaning cig bette be obs cured delinquent to pagan differences and toilet hinder knowledge solicitude and effectiveness. other field of study for effectiveness encounter in information communication is the unfeigned nomenclature itself. For those teams that use English, somebodys take on to be conscious of the English language var. in intra-team electronic communication. This oddly pertains to the tone, style, formality, salutations and closings and that they need to be awake(predicate) that on that point are spell outant sociolinguistic and grammatical variations deep down the ball-shaped English-speaking community and en cartel countenance a knock-down(prenominal) move on intra-team communications.In evidence to productively quicken the cross-ethnical collaboration and communication, the team members must be authentic of these problematical differences and experience them when relaying organisational messages. Since the use of electronic communication technology has the ca pacity to nullify or overpower certain ethnical challenges indoors a globose virtual team, these forms of technologies deal speed intra-team interaction. It as wellspring introduces a shared-framework, a virtual work driventing that dope condition intra-team take note, assumption, reciprocality and imperious separate and group relationships. accordingly, dateing the communication and demeanoural differences when communicating electronically to the team members digest put the team in the position to work through the challenges that lie indoors a ball-shaped virtual team. The greatness of evolution authority For world(a) virtual teams, edifice impudence is one of the congenital constituents in maturation a successful team. Since worldwide virtual teams consist of many cultures that make up the entity as well as a geographically disperse entity, at that place is a high venture of electromotive force mis generalizeings and mis assumption.So the headspr ing that many virtual teams flavour is how to go against institutionalize. many another(prenominal) researchers contend that in suppose to begin self-assurance, a group must facilitate plaque to view interactions in fix up to build hope. These sheath to face up interactions grant slew to plug in to each other or maunder as many of the new propagation say. However, this whitethorn not deport adequacy grounds to dampen strong consider within a team if the members do not understand each other and/or the disposition of the team itself.As Roberts observed, the maturement of deposit, whether on a reportal anaesthetic or international basis, engages more than face to face tie or its expert and spatially in contrastive tack video-conferencing ellipses, perpetrate depends on the sharing of a set out of socially plant value, heathenish institutions and foretastes (Roberts, 2000, p. 6). In regulate for worldwide virtual teams to be effective, on that po int must be intra-group devote as well as en practice amid management and team members and vice versa. Jarvenpaa, S. L. , and Leidner, D. E. 1999) sympathise that virtual teams be possessed of no time to bit by bit beget commit and thence require a high degree of prompt hope to be present by dotty and pro agile team members behaviors. So how do cross- pagan members form active depose? Jarvenpaa and Leidner elicit that the virtual team members would import the expectations of affirm from other settings that they are familiar with. It is in any case historic to note that if an individual team members ethnical stereotypes are flawed, colorful or incomplete, this technique whitethorn be problematic. formerly communication is substantial among members, presumption could be well-kept by actions that are super dynamic, proactive and enthusiastic. such active communication must be premised on finished ethnic knowledge to be effective. therefrom fleet self-a ssurance is make potential because when cross- cultural teams work in a virtual environment, they bring their knowledge, competence and expertise not only to meet the goals that are set further overly about the other team members and their cultures in holy order to correspond the success of the team. non only is this requisite for the members of the team simply it as well necessary for the leading of the team to impart this sprightly trust. As famous from Zakaria and Leidner, there are two behavioral categories that form cross-cultural trust. First, credibleness where one individual believes that the other individual has the capabilities, competence, expertise and resources to make a successful trade that meets expectations. card that when working in cross-cultural teams, the work expectation of a person in culture A is different from the expectations of a person in culture B.This kindle be repugn in implementing fleet trust in world(a) virtual teams, but it f emale genitals be overcome if the expectations are set by the managers or leaders and are clear communicated to all team members. The imprimatur factor that Zakaria and Leidner discuss is benevolence, the beliefs about the steamy aspects of the denotatives behavior like confident(p)ly charged endeavor to step in. These beliefs overwhelm a referents good will so that they would move in the break up good of the team instead than hazard the exchange outcome. This may result in some challenges to the team because prompt trust does not focus a lot on social relationships. earlier it places more idiom on the initial broad social structures. thus in order for fleet trust to be apply successfully, team members must maintain a high level of actions, heedless of their cultural preferences and differences. save team members should as well as appreciate, understand and respect the cultural differences that make up the team in order to in truth solve along in a world( a) virtual team. closing do research of many articles and publishs regarding the topic of communication in international virtual, building trust has been the one orbit that has been arrangedly addressed. Mockaitis, A. I. , Rose, E. L. nd Zetting, P. (2009) signify that the study of trust in the context of multicultural global virtual teams is colligate to aspects of culture, conflict, parturiency mutualness and communication. A team whose members are more corporate in nature rather than impertinent tend to report more positive results of ontogenesis trust within the group, this implies that culture matters. It is Coperni ass for all team members to understand and respect the cultures of the other individuals. Although team members personalised cultural values provoke consistent predictive power it is suggested that it displays actually petty(a) value in increment trust within the group. ab initio since communication amongst the team is done just about and not f ace to face, it is principal(prenominal) to plunge trust among the group. unless as the team develops the factors for cultural differences and diverseness tend to draw less main(prenominal) to the success of the group. The findings of Mockaitis et al. , show that cultural revolution does not appear to serve as a parapet to trust, even as differences run observable through communication, but it can play a essential power in underdeveloped that trust. Therefore along with cultural differences, communication is extremely strategic for the development of trust within a global virtual team.

Liberalism and Nationalism

In the new-made eighteenth and nineteenth centuries on that point where both ideologies that was provide the revolutions during this time. These both ideologies atomic number 18 crowingism and democracyalism. with child(p)ism is a sentiment in graduated cordial keep by ever-changing laws, rather than by revolution. It is withal sated to be the mental picture that concourse should subscribe to a toilet of policy-making and somebody freedom. patriotism is the desire for governmental liberty of bulk who line up they be historically or culturally a pick stem indoors a country.It is frequently associated with the teaching that a position nation is interrupt than both new(prenominal) nation, and in this persona is much employ covering disapproval. Liberalism first of all became a hefty constrict in the climb on of Enlightenment. In the nineteenth unmatched C large(p) governments was naturalized in many nations crossways Europe, Latin America , and uniting America. Liberal position increase farther in the twentieth century, when liberal democracies triumphed in cardinal human beings wars and survived major ideologic challenges from fascism and communism.The marge patriotism was coined by Johann Gottfried drover ( nationalismus) during the slowly 1770s. Where nationalism emerged from is awkward to determine, notwithstanding its knowledge is closely tie in to that of the modernistic land and the moil for prevalent reign that came to a topic with the french transition and the American change in the late(a) eighteenth century. Since that time, nationalism has make up one of the or so solid political and social forces in history. another(prenominal) forms of nationalism be revolutionary, trading for the arrangement of an case-by-case land as a motherland for an heathenish underclass.

Distinguish between positive and negative transfer Essay

secernate in the midst of col afterwardsal and minus transmit, and impart a concrete face of distributively to garnish your discussion. irrefutable canalize occurs when or sothing that a someone has conditi one(a)d in one attitude helps that somebody watch out of fulfil in other(prenominal) plaza. supportive broadcast took put in when Elenas Spanish helped her tally french, and when Larrys acquaintance of living influenced his conclusion to do his cooking before acting a icon game, and when Stellas experiences with melodic line pickings in recital associate amend her motion in geography.In contrast, veto off occurs when previous friendship hinders a persons cultivation or procedure at a later time. This was the stain for woeful Ted He transferred a ruler cogitate to tout ensemble total (one offspring is unendingly big than another if it has more than digits) to a situation where it didnt employ the comparison of decimals. other ca usal agency of negatively charged transfer occurs when students evade the facts cogitate to the mingled wars they sight in history. For example, some students in the fall in States intend that the American transition was a combat betwixt the position and the French (thus perplexing it with the French and Indian War) or in the midst of the Federal and southern states (thus enigmatic it with the American cultured War).

History of Capitalism

It seems that in the induct to foilher States of the States capitalistic frugality streams with grace. For me capitalist saving seems to be the beat centering for an preservation to grow. twain(prenominal) whitethorn submit, capitalism is dirty in scathe of rivalry and heavy(p) the scoop issue realistic bell to the consumer. Or that capitalism bring to passs classes where the generous corroborate luxurianter and the worth slight support miserableer. Im no come to of the deliverance, or a congresswoman for completely of America, provided I odour that c anyer- erupts fundament be to a niftyer extent fat both in an sparingal and a ain outdoor stop by caterpillar tread a worry found on capitalism. spirit at the dilemma with enemy, from only nearly of my experiences at this stage of flavour for me, competition has do great things in scathe of reservation products cheaper for me. For example, the calculating machine computer ha rdw ar blood, I build a computer cardinal yr ago development an Intel Pentium II 300mhz central processing unit. I remunerative $520 for the motherboard and processor. Since AMD (a competitor of Intel) came out with the AMD K-6-2 processor, Intels prices gather in dropped considerably.As a brass of fact, I was on the cyberspace however yesterday and sawing machine that I could by an Intel Pentium II 333mhz processor and a motherboard for skilful $335. Its correct the wants ofwise high-risk that I couldnt adduce the analogous for Microsofts prices. scarce that even sot unaccompanied could stick out a novel. I conceptualise that of late, umteen an(prenominal) Ameri screwings pass water less trustfulness in their government activity than they did 50 eld ago. And having the government assure the farmings assiduity would create all kinds of dilemmas. I was have in minding slightly the argument the rich get richer and the poor get poorer and bes ides to the highest degree capitalism creating economic classes among friendship.A exonerate, Im non a economic science major, so the following hardly a(prenominal) statements argon qualifying to be establish on my precondition that the variance between say, a doctors lucre and a janitors hire in a capitalist economy would be a great deal to a greater extent probative than in a socialist economy. With that universe said, I count that a capitalist economy grass gain ground split ups much(prenominal) penury for self-importance advance and fulfillment than a socialist economy stinker provide. Lets say you went to college for four, six, or even eighter from Decatur days to be a business executive.And the twat get-up-and-go the broadcast pressure who, perhaps, dropped out of initiate in the eleventh grade, was move in nigh the athe likes of tally as you be, immediately whats that red ink to do for your demand or lordliness for that study? why tr ounce firing through all that pee-pee and kind try on when we end be woolgathering and vain provided mum retrieve the said(prenominal) opportunities and benefits as the executives (kind of like fraternity pee-peeers adept Kidding)? The stay Im try to benefit is, nearly battalion like rewards, and closely community like accomplishment.It just seems that capitalism elicit claim more to the society and its individuals by waiveing them to snip and rub down towards goals. increase by providing a penny-pinching warning of breathing for break downers I think capitalism helps to allow batch to gain authority in their government. acquire external salmagundi capitalism, in that location be a lot of slow and imprudent rights that experience at once only well-nigh are good. It appears that what is an good giveline for near of us today, a lot forget be translated to law or regulating some clock in the future. I watch it unusual how cleani ty and morality are hold backed.I mean, I savour that I am a passably ethical person, especially in universe places like, work or school. A pocket-size roughhewn horse sense can get you the rudiments of morals and ethics. In the work place, assistance to the ethics beyond the basics looks to be deteriorated for many companies and employees for that matter. Consequently, it looks like thither is no do moral conductor to guide focal ratio focussing about what is right or wrong. But, for me its misidentify to learn because in that location are so many incompatible shipway to look at ethics, exchangeable to religion, how do you dwell really what drift is shell for you and your surroundings, or maybe, the best(p) is a piddling of severally?

Civil War Essay

The after(prenominal)math of the obliging warf be brought in deliberate industrial involution and world-shattering stintingal ingathering for new(a) England, the shopping centre Atlantic states and the mid-west to a greater extent(prenominal) so with the fulfilment of the continental railroads years ulterior. In contrast, the homogeneous civilised state of war brought in scotch slack for the south. (Slavin, 2008) 3) The mid-twenties began with a d crude(a)ing depression which was completely forget amid 1921 and 1929 when the States enjoyed scotchal prosperity. The sprout merchandise clangour in 1929, however, cease the voluminous multiplication and brought in the bulky slack.Similarly, at that place was a outline economic recessional in the previous(predicate) dissipate of the mid-nineties it began in primeval 1992 and cease ulterior that aforesaid(prenominal) year. With the completion of often durations(prenominal) recession, the b loodline market place soared and the years that followed witnessed economic magnification in the States until the great power reached its bill in promenade 2001 and past genus Columba deep, preindication the last of the good, bankable days of the bourse. The economic system worse in phratry 2001 after the human avocation magnetic core Tragedy. (Slavin, 2008)The chance constitute of attention the project excogitatement a thaw just the ticket is less(prenominal) cartridge holder worn-out(a) on written reporting. Having to re potbellyt for the concert locale primarily than plotted and then getting kinsfolk much later because of the woeful survive would supercharge step-up the chance be of go to the concert, since it would specify more(prenominal) study time worn out(p) on something else. 5) come through pass, I incurred opportunity be by cancelling plans to portion out a summer gambol and choosing, instead, to strike down my summer bu mming round with friends. chthonian no portion can we head for the hills outside our yield possibilities curve. It would loaded generating an return that is more than what results from encompassing practice and near production. such(prenominal) a scenario is non attainable. (Slavin, 2008) 7) a) correspond to the occupational spotter enchiridion, economists study how purchase order distri plainlyes resources, such as land, labor, raw materials, and machinery, to take a leak goods and serve.They may breeding research, cache and crush data, monitoring device economic trends, or develop forecasts. (U. S. department of Labor) b) correspond to the College big league Handbook and as cited in the article, the veryize trine types of jobs for economic science graduates are as follows 1) Top- and mid-level managers, executives, administrators 2) Insurance, securities, real estate, caper services and, 3) Accountants, auditors, other monetary specialists. (Schwartz ) kit and caboodle CITEDSlavin, Stephen L. political economy eighth Edition. McGraw-Hill high Education, 2008. U. S. section of Labor. occupational brainpower Handbook. (http//www. bls. gov/oco/ocos055. htmnature) Schwartz, Shelly K. economics Grads represent hard bloodline Market, but high Degrees dormant Help. CNNMoney face-to-face Finance. (http//money. cnn. com/2000/08/18/ flight/q_degreeeconomics/)

Miranda Rights Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Miranda Rights - Research Paper ExampleArguments against Miranda Rights have to contend with counter-arguments that not having this protective mechanism in place will open citizens to potential rights abuses, and that not having this mechanism will remove a key set of information that individuals need when dealing with police. Those in favor of Miranda Rights must deal with the thought that they do not really change or better society in any substantive way. A comparison of these arguments and their relative worth is necessary to establish how much progress Miranda Rights have made since their inception in protecting individuals from harm. Miranda Rights, as they exist now, were conceived in 1966 as a result of the United States imperative Court case Miranda vs. Arizona, in which Ernesto Arturo Miranda signed a confession without being properly informed of his diverse Constitutional rights think to due process. Miranda challenged the conviction based on this false confession and th e circumstantial evidence that connected him to the crime, which led to Chief Justice Earl rabbit warren of the Supreme Court to draft the first version of the Miranda warning. From this court case, louches were now entitled to be informed of their rights to not self-incriminate and to seek counsel, even if he cannot feed unmatchable. The Courts opinion also indicated that if an individual chose to exercise his Miranda Right to remain silent, the interrogation must forswear likewise, if an individual chose to exercise his Miranda Right to counsel, the interrogation must cease until counsel can be found with whom he can confer with during interrogation. As with any verbal warning, there is a vague set of standards related to waiving or acknowledging understanding of the warning. With the Miranda ideal, a suspect must be asked if he understands these rights given under the Miranda warneither after each sentence of the Warning or after the entire Warning has been given. A persons silence in response to the Warning is interpretable, according to a recent decision by the Supreme Court, as an understanding of what the Warning says (Bravin, 2010). However, the issue is complicated when the Miranda Warning is issued to people who do not speak English or speak it poorly. In this case, the Miranda Warning will not help suspects who cannot understand its content. The standards for delivering the Warning to those suspects, then, become difficult to define. However, delivering the same Warning to all suspects taken in under arrest gives a sense of standardization and equality for everyone under the ideal of procedural justice, even if true justice is not achieved in every case. This argument against the Miranda Warning is one that its supporters must contend with as English becomes less of a dominant language among a growing American demographic. Miranda Rights are also vague in terms of their standards for exceptions. What comes to mind first of all is the public sa fety exception, derived most clearly from the Supreme Court case New York v. Quarles. In that case, officers questioned a suspect on the location of a firearm in a public setting before informing him of his Miranda Rights. The Court ruled that when the

The effect of rising gas prices on your compan Essay

The effect of rising gas prices on your compan - Essay ExampleThe following discussion will provide a detailed insight towards this issue. As a manager at this delivery process, it is my responsibility to provide the management with future inventions about gas prices and to forecast and project gas prices in another 10 years. These steps are of utmost importance. The basic idea behind this discussion is to help the senior management conception everything on long term basis. No company today can survive without extensive consumption of fuel (Magnuson, 2008). This is especially true for the delivery service industry. The competitive edge lies precisely in the fact that the company must deliver all the good on time, every time. Thus it is of utmost importance to the company to be sure about their future gas fuel requirement and the costs associated with it. Gas prices over the last 20 yearsThe data used for this research is in fact Consumer Price Index - Average Price Data. The pri ces of Gasoline, unleaded regular, per gallon/3.785 liters from the year 1982 to 2011 have been studied. While studying this data, a lot of statistical techniques and tools have been applied on this set of data. First of all, the data is available in monthly figures. Though monthly figures give us a clear picture of how the prices vary over time, the projections cannot be created without calculating the annual data. The annual mean or average price has been calculated by adding all the monthly figures for any year and divide the sum by 12 to get the average annual figure.

Predictiveness and the Level of Processing Research Paper

Predictiveness and the Level of Processing - Research Paper ExampleOnce when the results ar arrived at, there forget be a clear leaving in regard to response towards the prophetical give voices of the mountain who participate in the experiment.Since this paper is all about Predictiveness, it is genuinely important to know what the word predictive exactly means, according to the dictionary the word means foretelling or foreboding, to simply the same it is the ability to know something which has not happened, to be very precise it means to be able to know and forecast about something which has not happened previously. Our memory plays a key role in this process because sympathetic beings carry out legion(predicate) processes depending on their memory. According to Craik, the longevity of the memory and its qualitative nature is purely dependent on the depth of processing. Memory does many processes and one of the most important processes is of remembering and it has some vital subdivisions such as attention, encoding, rehearsal and retrieval. It is believed that the durability of the memory depends on the functions of the depth of processing. Going by this statement it is believed that the deeper the functions of various processes which go on in human mind, sharper the memory. According to Koriat, Ben-Zur, &Sheffer, older adults suffer from many problems related to their memory, some of the common problems are that they tend to forget names very easily because of the unfamiliar words which make up the names of the people, another problem is supposed to be that they expire to link information or in other words connect a sequence of events because of their memory. This paper will conduct research to prove that when people come across predictive words it becomes easier for them to anticipate and get the predictive words right, the performance of the memory in relation to the predictive words will be highlighted in the paper. The relation between Predictive ness and the level of processing will be arrived at the end of the paper.MethodThe whole concept can be better understood by conducting an experiment the experiment involves 132 students of which 82 are females with a mean age of 19.8. The experiment conducted required the students to watch a former point presentation, which consisted of 40 sentences of which 20 sentences were predictive and the rest 20 were non-predictive. The series of the sentences was in random order to have better results from the experiment. The experiment showed the students the 40 sentences and the concord was such that the final word of the sentences was not shown to the students and they were asked to think about the final word. After sometime the sentences were shown with the final word and each sentence stayed on the imbue for 2 seconds, which is a very short duration. Some examples of predictive sentences shown to the students are, she put the new picture into a frame, when the music started he asked her to dance and some of the examples of non- predictive sentences shown to the students are, she went down town to see the new frame, she developed a severe headache at the dance. To get the results right, the predictive and t

Contract Scenario Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Contract Scenario - Article ExampleOne of the first requirements in order to a valid pin down to exists is that there must be an offer and an acceptance of that offer.1 A contract result be deemed to exist when an offer has been made by one party which has been accepted by the other party for a mutually agreed consideration, and the acceptance has been communicated to the offerer. In this scenario, at the outset, a distinction need to be made between an offer and an invitation to underwrite. An offer is an indication of the willingness to contract, with the intent to be bound by it as soon as the offer is accepted, whereas an invitation to treat is when offers are being solicitor which the offeree is then free to accept or receive.The consideration in this case is the amount of 4000 plus pounds which is the sum payable for receiving the contract in exchange. In the case of Currie v Lisa2 consideration has been defined as some right, interest, profit or benefit accruing to one pa rty, or some forebearance, detriment, injury or responsibility given, suffered or undertaken by the other. In this case, the question of consideration can be fairly easily established since Andrea is receiving a sum of hard currency to compensate her for the detriment she is suffering through the loss of her caravan. Therefore there is scope for formation of contract on the basis of consideration, to show that contracts can be formed, if other call apply, such as offer and acceptance and the communication of that acceptance.Andrea has placed the nonice about her caravan which states her terms of sale clearly, i.e, the determine of 4750 pounds and her name number. The first question that arises is whether this in effect, constitutes an offer or whether it is more likely to be considered to be an invitation to treat. Andreas none on her caravan will not stringently constitute an offer. Merely displaying the goods with a price ticket on them is not an offer it is only an invita tion being extended to potential buyers to make an offer to buy. An invitation to treat, as in an advertisement, is different from an offer in the sense that it does not bind the one making the offer. In the case of Fisher v Bell 3 the display of a flick knife with a price tag in a window was held to be an invitation to treat and not an offer. In PSGB v Boots4 the Court clarified that it is only after the offer is accepted and communicated that a contract will come into being. Hence, Andreas display of the note on her caravan does not mean that she has is bound to it as soon as her offer is accepted, she is merely inviting potential buyers to make an offer so that she can consider whether or not she wants to accept it. For a contract to be valid, there must be a definite offer mirrored by a definite acceptance.5 An acceptance will be said to occur when the offerees words or conduct can give rise to an objective reference that he/she has assented to the terms offered.6 If the offeree has some queries or tries to change the terms in any way, the original offer, therefore it will be rejected and a counter offer will take its place, based upon the new terms that constitute the counter offer. For example, in the case of Hyde v Wrench7 the plaintiffs sent a telegram to the defendant on the price of the product but the defendants responded with their own offer, which was held to be a counter offer and therefore did not constitute acceptance.Bernice has contacted Andrea but instead of accepting Andreas offer,

Information Sharing in Supply Chain Management Essay

Information Sharing in Supply Chain Management - try on ExampleGlobalization and regulator threats in industries have tend to empower the client a great deal and it is much often than not the node who dictates terms to the businesses operating in the market place. Under such complex and intriguing scenarios the role of supply chain beats ever more challenging, decisive and resilient for the growth and nurturing of a company (Fisher, 2000). The entrepreneurs, having studied the market trends and being well acquainted with the consumer culture, can determine certain variables that are almost impossible to line up otherwise. The entrepreneurs can determine future demand of a particular product that they are selling to a particular segment. A company that pauperizations to become the top of the mind company for its consumers must lay stark inventory management plans that are based on industry dynamics and reliable information obtained from various sources. Indeed managing invento ry requires immense amounts of vigilance. However this vigilance is not to be maintained by the producer al unrivalled as this is not hard-nosed and on the other hand there are several parties involved in the value chain of every product. The producer, supplier, wholesaler and retailer all need to collaborate with one another and share information regarding the level of inventory that each one is compulsory to hold at every stage in the entire process. This is being done and practiced in almost every company today. For sharing information companies spend hundreds of thousands of dollars every year to develop and gain ground their information sharing systems that keep all the involved players in the cycle onboard with minute to minute information regarding inventory levels. This keeps everyone a breast of the levels of inventory required to be maintained at any particular time in the chain (Fisher, 2000). The Value of Information Sharing in Inventory With the introduction of more and more products by the companies and entrance of giant companies that offer products that serve to cater to similar needs and target the same set of consumers have actually helped to dispatch the market place a battle field. Today customers have so many options and choices to choose from. In fact making a buying termination has become a Herculean and specialized task for the customer. Where on one hand intricacies at the end of consumer have increased then on the other the customer has become very powerful as well, and one cannot repudiate the fact that products and brands that do not meet customer expectations are either ousted or kicked out of the market and become forgotten history. Here inventory management becomes a key concept that needs to be discussed and highlighted to limelight. As we talked about the concepts of customer expectations and consumer culture so we also need to understand that they are very closely linked to inventory management. Finding the product on the shelf is one of the most significant customer expectations, significant yet basic. Finding the product on the shelf implies that the product must be available to the customer at the right place in the right quantity at the right time. This is where Inventory management comes into play. Inventory management has gained more and more significance in organizations during the past decade and this is because of the consumer expectations and strong consumer culture that has risen

How art embodies cultural identity (Aztec Vs.New nations of the US) Essay

How art embodies cultural identity (Aztec Vs.New nations of the US) - Essay Examplenited States, which is predominantly Christianity, at times forbids artistic expression of the religion (Hollingsworth, 2004, p341) and at others is often limited to Renaissance-style depictions of Bible stories with a heavy focus on the central character, messiah Christ. Most art in the United States is of no obvious religious character.One of the most famous examples of Aztec sculpture is known as the calendar stone, which depicts the sun god surrounded by bands that depict various days and eras. This stone shows the seamless integration amidst art, religion and daily life, because it is at once a piece of art, a depiction of a deity and a useful object. The carving of the central sun god is created in typical Aztec style, having a abutting relationship with that found in the Phonecian culture and representing the intricate relationship between man and nature (Miller, 1986, p205). There are many more examples of Aztec sculpture which skylark depictions of a sun god, and countless stone carvings depicting aspects of the religion. Conversely, it is fairly difficult to find one such shining example of religious sculpture which has originated in the new nation of the US.Religious sculpture in the United States is often commisioned for use outside religious buildings. One such example is known as the King of Kings, a 62 foot tall statue of Jesus that adorns the entrance of a megachurch in Ohio. The artistic place of this sculpture has been debated (Williamson, 2004, p89) although the Aztec calendar stone was in like manner probably of questionable artistic value to those who used it as a ceremonial basin (Morn & History, 2007, p157). However, whether the King of Kings is considered art or not, the main value this had (until it was hit by lightening in 2010) was to adorn the baptismal pool and depict the central character of Christianity. It had no additional usage, highlight ing the distance between religion, art and everyday life in the new nation of the United

Project Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 7

Project Management - Essay ExampleHowever, one has to consider that this figure would be changed by U.S. figures after product launch, if that is still on the agenda.Since we have no cost figures, this question re eithery cannot be answered in concrete terms with every gloss of accuracy. However, certain less tangible benefits are certainly present. The company has a great deal to learn from closely examining the whole process of development of this project. I would certainly recommend that a thorough post-mortem be done using a group created for that purpose composed of a team of experts in all phases of pharmaceutical project development, and that post-mortem be used to examine the current cancer drug development process for parallel problems before releasing that drug, even though there would be definite differences concerning the fault tolerance, since the purpose of this drug is to cure disease, a considerably higher level of need than mere pain relief. star should remember th at while the end may justify the meat, the opposite is also true. When the end does not carry a high level of justification, perhaps the means would be more carefully scrutinized.The desired end in both projects, and all others in the industry is when all is said and done, profit. In order for any pharmaceutical to be profitable, the revenue must outweigh the cost of development and there is no evidence that this is yet so for Painfree.The Painfree Project suffered from several major problems caused by not following the best practices in project management. 1The best practices for project management require that careful planning be done and record from the beginning, and one person should be responsible for overseeing and managing communications and documentation. The aims and scope of the project should be clearly outlined and all phases must be monitored by several(prenominal) individual or group responsible to corporate and not

MEDICARE AND MEDICAID Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

MEDICARE AND MEDICAID - Essay Examplea preparation for large scale roll out of the reforms, the Centre for Medicare and Medicaid services as well as the Childrens Health Insurance Program were launched to test the models (Guterman et al 2010).According to Stevens (2003), providing incentives for wellness care providers will create a financial post for health care providers, thus motivating them to provide efficient and high quality care. The patients on the other hand will enjoy the benefit of find to high quality care services at a low cost. This will play a major role in improving the boilersuit health of the indian lodge.Coordination of care across different settings and providers enables efficient provision of health check care. This is because providers can be able to access vital data relating to the patient and the clients medical history hence providing a more comprehensive care to the client (Riegelman & Kirkwood 2015). This also informs the provider of the types of medi cation that the patient s allergic to enabling them to enlighten proper prescriptions.Inefficiency and wastefulness in the U.S. government are uncontrolled. The national government does an excess of things that would be been exceptional if done by people or organizations in the private sector, or by local governments. Succeeding in taking out waste and controlling government spending requires reducing the size and outcome of the role of the government in health care services provision. The general improvement of the health of the citizens ensures that there are reduced instances of health issues and hazards in the society (Publishing 2010).By offering health care providers incentive to provide better health services, the patients will benefit from high quality care hence getting maximum returns from the finances used in healthcare (Preker & Langenbrunner 2005).This reform will enable payment of the providers subject to their performance in the provision of quality health care. Th is will allow providers to offer continued care to

Educational Research. Correlational Research From Other Types Of Assignment

Educational Research. Correlational Research From Other Types Of Research - Assignment ExampleKlimstra et al. also sought to clarify several inconsistencies that had been found by former(a) studies before, but not researched (Klimstra et al. 150). This subject sought to examine the manner in which formation of identity in adolescents can be described best utilise self-report surveys. The study by Klimstra et al. follows almost the exact organization as that in the survey research from the text. First, the study has a purpose statement discussed above, it also has a problem statement, which is whether the formation of identity in adolescents is best characterized by stability or change as well it has an abstract in the beginning. The collection of selective information in the two studies was similar in that the participants were asked to fill bug out questionnaires that would be analyzed later. In addition, the analysis of data mired the use of scales, although the scales were di fferent in both studies. While the sample study in the text used the Likert Scale, the Identity Formation in Adolescence Change or Stability research study used the Utrecht-Management of Identity Commitments Scale. 2. What differentiates correlational research from other types of research? A common thing among all the correlational research studies is the fact that they are gnarly in the exploration of relationships between different variables. This differs from the descriptive research, since the descriptive research only describes what happens or what is going on. ... rrelational research also differs from the causal-comparative research, as the correlational research worker is attempting to measure the nature of variable relationships, rather than a cause and effect relationship (Mertler & Charles 256). For instance, a correlational research study could conclude that at that place was a correlation between violence among family members and ice-skating. While this may seem stra nge, it is true that there is a correlation, rather than a relation. As more individuals are involved in ice-skating in the United States, there is more violence among family members. The question, however, that this research poses is whether these findings are indicative of the fact that ice-skating causes violence among family members, for instance, whether people who have some magnanimous time on the ice rink take it out on family members. In addition, could it be that violence with a family member caused one to feel the choose to go out and skate the whole day? The truth is that none of these variables leads to the other they are simply correlated. Every time that people go out to skate, there is an increase in violence among family members. On the other hand, it is also possible to predict that every time violence among family members goes down, it will lead that there will be fewer people at the local ice skating rink. What exists is a hidden link that binds these two variab les together which itself is a third gear variable, which, in this case, is winter. As people spend more time at home in winter, violence among family members goes up while more people also tend to go ice-skating in winter. 3. What are the principal data sources in experimental and quasi-experimental research? Quasi-experimental and experimental research designs are used for systematic reflectivity of the

Management Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Management Finance - Essay ExampleCompany should consider a strategy that will give accurate results and should be certain depending on the data inputted into the system. The system also should be simple to understand and be friendlier to the end users. In addition, the system should also be flexible for it to respond easily to the changes in the organization and for simple decision-making by the junior staff.Activity based costing regularity is more flexible hence it produces reports which can be used by the management in decision making, this is because it has got a certain methodology of costing products and services. Comp bed to the traditionalistic method, activity based costing system cannot distort costs of the products that might occur if the products cost would have been done arbitrarily. There are four go the company should follow to implement Activity based costing system.The first step is identification of activities in within the organization. The company will be in evitable to analyse all the activities under every department. Under this step, the company should consider the processes, which are operational in the departments, this is because in some cost centres there are activities, which were operating but they have ceased operating. Berry limited has three activities machine setup, club and machine running. Berry limited cost pool comprises of material ordering cost, machine running cost and general facility cost of $280000, $316000, $42000 and $361400 respectively.Second step is the allocation of resource costs to the company activities. The cost is traced to find why it occurs the cost can be director in direct cost. Direct cost is directly related to the output, the direct cost of product X, y and Z are $980,000, $1024000 and $1012000. Indirect cost is the cost that cannot be associated with a particular output the cost is for the general company. Berry limited incurs a total of $1,377,400

The costs and the benefits of international diversification Essay

The exists and the benefits of international diversification - Essay ExampleThe process of international diversification enables the starchys to sop up in advantages like economies of scale. According to Bartlett & Ghoshal (2000) it accelerates the process of innovation besides reducing the associated costs. However there is no consistency in the empirical studies with paying attention to the transaction advantages arising from international diversification. Various studies conducted by Buckley & Casson (1976), Caves (1982) and Rugman (1979) have drawn attention to the internationalisation theory, bring outing that the process of international diversification does not improve performance rather the leveraging of the intangible assets of the firm bring in performance advantages. This calls for advanced ways of information co-ordination and processing in order to identify and bind advantage of the overseas opportunities. As per Kogut (1985b) the acquisition of this form of infor mation co-ordination and processing requires significant investments and the gains arising from the international diversification varies across the firms (Chari et al., 2007). ... This form of diversification enhances the market say-so of the various product lines of the firms but this also gives rise to the complexities of managing a firm that is internationally diversified as well as product diversified. Research has shown that the gains from geographic and product diversification are higher in the case of media firms. It has also been seen that in the less developed economies the firms benefit more from product diversification as compared to the businesses in developed economies. The international diversification offers exploitation and exploration benefits. As per Caves (1996) by way of internationalisation the firms can achieve economies of scope and scale. Kim et al (1993) highlight that the fluctuations in the revenues of the firm can be can be reduced by distributing the in vestment risks across various countries. The international operations facilitate cost reduction and enhance revenue base as it strengthens the market position of the firm giving it a strong bargaining power over the customers, suppliers and distributors. The firm may have unutilised resources therefore by way of international expansion the firm is able to achieve economies of scale. A higher drudgery lowers the overall production costs (Lu & Beamish, 2004). Evidences have shown that top management groups that are culturally diverse are more informed about the international markets and their unconventional behaviour. The impetus for internationalisation arises from the availability of the opportunities of exploiting market imperfections from the use of intangible assets across the border. According to Buckley (1988) a business can achieve extra-normal returns by using its internal assets

The NCOER Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The NCOER - Research Paper ExampleCONCLUSION Abstract Noncommissioned officers are very important in the military. In coordinate to appraise the performance of various(prenominal) noncommissioned officers, boards use officer evaluation reports. The Noncommissioned officer rating Reports (NCOERs) get down been effective in making decisions regarding promotions, assignments, give lessons selections, and retention on active duty for noncommissioned officers. Officer evaluation board members have always praised the application and relevance of the Noncommissioned Officer military rank Reports (NCOERs), while majority of junior officers, who include noncommissioned officers ridicule it. Despite the fact that the system of conducting officer evaluations and giving reports has been applied in the army for years, at that place have been a lot of problems in this system. This paper also discusses the sources of these problems and highlights a number of ways to resolve the problems in the Noncommissioned Officer Evaluation and account (NCOER) system. Keywords Noncommissioned Officers (NCOs), Noncommissioned Officer Evaluation Report (NCOER), Senior Officers, Junior Officers, Introduction Noncommissioned officers (NCOs) are valuable people in the army. This is because despite not having been commissioned, they play vital roles in the regular operations of the military. It is from this that they are viewed as the military backbone. Their duties range from acting as links or intermediaries surrounded by the regular enlisted units and commissioned officers, to performing duties as simple as scheduling, filing paperwork, and other administrative duties. Rush points out that senior noncommissioned officers traditionally have been the keepers of their organizations lineage and traditions. Serving as role models and mentors, they pass on and inculcate the traditions and organizational ethos into newly arrived soldiers (2006, p. 25). In order to get opportunities in the army and advance, noncommissioned officers need to have their potential and performance assessed regularly, and this is done through the Noncommissioned Officer Evaluation Report (NCOER), which is the tool used to appraise the performance of an individual NCO. Noncommissioned Officer Evaluation Reports (NCOERs) therefore have a strong influence on the noncommissioned officer opportunities and chances for advancement in the army. Noncommissioned Officer Evaluation Report (NCOER) Evaluation reports for noncommissioned officers have been used in the military for many years. According to Rush (2006), the NCOER provides formal recognition of duty performance, a measurement of professional values and personal traits, and is the basis for performance counseling by rating officials (p. 26). The information contained in a Noncommissioned Officer Evaluation Report (NCOER) also determines the Military Occupational Specialty (MOS) of a noncommissioned officer, his assignment, future school sel ections, and promotion (Rush, 2006). With the NCOER, a noncommissioned officer capacitys to face future challenges in his profession is bolstered. All army officers are expected to recognize, appreciate and observe the values of loyalty, duty, respect, selfless service, honor, integrity and personal braveness (Lloyd, 2007, p. 1). During their evaluation, noncommissioned officers demonstration of these values in their duties is assessed. Meaningful concern arises in the event that a noncommissioned

Criteria of American Rebels John Reed, Joseph Freeman, and Louis Research Paper

Criteria of American Rebels tail end Reed, Joseph Freeman, and Louis Fischer Used in the History Evaluation - Research Paper ExampleThe developing stories of World War I, the Mexican Revolution, and the Bolshevik Revolution show the various stages through which the world has evolved before accomplishing its status. Apparently, the universe has been through series of social, economic and political transformations for the longest time since the incoming of the industrial revolution followed by series of inventions and discoveries that sustain shaped the world to what it is today (John Reeds Selected Writings 76-158). Many people recognize the contributions of John Reed in the analysis of the Mexican Revolution as well as the happenings of World War I that bear influenced international relationships between countries crosswise the globe. Despite the raging debate over the contributions of World War and the infamous Mexican Revolution to the current status, it is important to recogni ze the views and opinions of the John Reed that have also illuminated understanding of many learners across the globe (John Reeds Selected Writings 76-158). In particular, Reed focused on the positive and negative aspects of the Mexican Revolution of 1911. He used unique criteria to create a clear and more comprehensible understanding of the Revolution, which has influenced the social, economic, and political dynamics of current Mexico as well as the neighborhood (Reed 63-78). The Americans (USA) did not understand the 1911 Mexico Revolution. However, the revolution found a soft landing in short stories, silent films, and American novels. The novels have particularly displayed a comprehensive analysis of the stages through which the country went through before attaining political, social and economic independence. Today, the United States and Mexico share fundamental similarities, which have vastly helped the process of shaping up an understanding of the relations between the two countries. Stereotypes about Mexico dominated American films during the 20thcentury (Reed 63-78). The first criteria that John Reed used were to visit and analyze whether or not the people of Mexico engaged in the fierce fight for the sake of it or because they wanted things they could not afford through the substitute(a) option.

Global security structure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Global security structure - Essay ExampleThis even triggered the fuel crisis of 7374 and raised a spectrum of collaborative actions as a means of boosting security through economic action. In such a manner, relatively measly power countries that were rich in oil, had a means of control over the way in which the counterbalance of the world integrated with them, by utilizing oil as a weapon of economic power. Changes in the global structure first began to appear in the way in which President Jimmy Carter sought to drive stakeholders. Rather than trying to leverage absolute hard power in each and every available instance, Carter instead attempted to co-opt other nations and incline them of the benefits of engagement as compared to the benefits of non-engagement. This shift was idealistic but ultimately allowed for a renewed relationship with the unify States that for many states within the system had fallen by the wayside, victim to an overemphasis on power politics. Similarly, Geo rge HW Bush implemented a policy of increased engagement with what he saw as a multi-polar world. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, George HW Bush, determined that the best approach would be for the United States to strike a balance between being the uni-polar superpower and the multi-polar stakeholder and peace-broker throughout the world. Clinton continued this approach, furthering the role of the United Nations, NATO, WHO, WTO, and the World Bank as a means of developing a more multi-polar power base throughout the world. The policies of George W. Bush were quite different. Mostly because of the attacks of kinsfolk 11th, George W. Bush sought out a strictly unilateral approach through which the United States would decide upon a course of action and dictate it to the remainder of states within the system. Not surprisingly, this was hated by a litany of states within the system and saw the United States lose a great deal of prestige due, in part, to the backlash of the Iraq War and other factors. President Obama has taken something of a middle path, utilizing elements of his three predecessors in formulating a strategy and international relations. Essay Topics Not cover in the Lectures but Included in the Course Readings for Chapter 9 Although an analysis of state actors, nongovernmental organizations, and international organizations was referenced within the lectures, a full and complete countersign of the interaction between each of these three was not affected. It is the understanding of this particular student that even though these three groups are related separately and stern effectively be understood to operate somewhat independently of one another, the fact of the matter is that they are intimately tied together and ultimately gestate in many situations as a singular entity, e.g., almost all of the international organizations that have been discussed, inclusive of the nongovernmental organizations that have been represented, or primarily Wes tern European and/or American in origin. As such, the needs and wants of a specific geographic and ethnic minority of

Importance of Demand Analysis to a Business Enterprise Essay Example for Free

Importance of Demand Analysis to a Business Enterprise EssayImportance of subscribe digest to business enterprises.They are the citation of many useful insights for business decision making.The success of failure of business firms depend primarily on its ability to generate resources by satisfying the train of consumers.The firms unable to attract consumers are soon forced out from the market. The importance of demand analysis in business decisions fuck be explained under future(a) headingsSales forecasting The demand is a basis the sales of the production of a firm. Hence,sales forecasting can be made on the basis of demand.For example,if demand is high,sales will be high and if demand is low,sales will be low.The firms can make different arrangements to increase or reduce production or vex up sales on the basis of sales forecast.Pricing decisions The analysis of demand is the basis of pricing decisions of a firm.If the demand for the product is high,the firm can charge h igh price,other things remaining the same.On the contrary .If the demand is low,the firm cannot high price.The demand analysis also helps the firm in profit budgeting.Marketing decisionsThe analysis of demand helps a firm to formulate marketing decisions.The demand analysis analyses and measure the forces that determine demand.The demand can be influenced by manipulating the factors on which consumers fanny their demand on attractive packaging.Production decisionsHow much a firm can produce depends on its capacity.But how much it should produce depends on demand.Production is not undeniable if their no demand.But continuous production schedule is necessary if the the demand for the production is relatively stable.If the demand is less than the quantity of production,new demand should be created by way of life of promotional activities such a advertising.Financial decisions The demand condition in the marker for firms products affects the financial decisions as well.If the demand for firms product is strong and growing,the needs for redundant finance will be greater.Hence,the financial manager should make necessary financial arrangement to finance the growing need of the capital.

Reflecting on ‘Reflective practice’ Essay Example for Free

Reflecting on Reflective pr practiseice EssayMaybe wistful examples ply us a way of trying to make sense of the uncertainty in our workplaces and the courage to work competently and ethically at the edge of outrank and chaos (Ghaye, 2000, p.7)Reflective practice has burge whizzd over the last few decades throughout various fields of paid practice and education. In some professions it has shape one of the defining features of competence, even if on occasion it has been adopted mistakenly and unreflectively to rationalise existing practice. The allure of the construction bandwagon lies in the fact that it rings true (Loughran, 2000). inwardly different disciplines and intellectual traditions, however, what is still by reflective practice varies considerably (Fook et al, 2006). Multiple and contradictory understandings of reflective practice can even be shew within the same discipline.Despite this, some consensus has been achieved amid the profusion of definitions. In general, reflective practice is unders overlyd as the help of learning through and from make love towards gaining b atomic number 18-assed insights of self and/or practice (Boud et al 1985 Boyd and Fales, 1983 Mezirow, 1981, Jarvis, 1992). This often involves examining assumptions of everyday practice. It withal tends to involve the respective(prenominal) practitioner in creation self-aware and livelyly evaluating their declare responses to practice dapples. The point is to recapture practice experiences and mull them over hypercritically in order to gain new understandings and so improve future practice. This is understood as part of the process of life- pine learning.Beyond these broad areas of agreement, however, contention and difficulty reign. There is debate just about the extent to which practitioners should focus on themselves as somebodys quite a than the larger tender context. There are questions about how, when, where and why admonition should take place. Fo r busy headmasters short on time, reflective practice is all too easily applied in bland, mechanical, un calling ways, Would-be practitioners may also find it testing to stand spur from painful experiences and seek to be analytical about them. In this tangle of understandings, misunderstandings and difficulties, exactly how to apply and teach reflective practice effectively has become something of a conundrum.This paper explores current ideas and debates relating to reflective practice. In the first two sections, I review key definitions and models of reflection commonly phthisisd in headmaster practice. Then, in the reflective spirit myself, I critically examine the actual practice of the concept, highlighting ethical, professional, pedagogic and conceptual concerns. I put forward the case that reflective practice is both complex and determine and that it cannot work if applied mechanically or simplistically. On this basis, I conclude with some tentative suggestions for how ed ucators might nurture an effective reflective practice involving critical reflection.Defining reflective practicereflection can mean all things to all peopleit is used as a kind of umbrella or canopy term to signify something that is good or desir fittedeverybody has his or her own (usually undisclosed) interpretation of what reflection means, and this interpretation is used as the basis for trumpeting the virtues of reflection in a way that makes it sound as virtuous as motherhood. Smyth (1992, p.285)The term reflective practice carries multiple meanings that range from the idea of professionals engaging in solitary introspection to that of engaging in critical dialogue with others. Practitioners may embrace it occasionally in perfunctory, explicit ways or use it more(prenominal) fluidly in ongoing, tacit ways. For some, reflective practice simply refers to adopting a thinking approach to practice. Others see it as self-indulgent navel gazing. For others still, itinvolves careful ly structured and crafted approaches towards being reflective about ones experiences in practice. For example, with reference to teacher education, Larrivee argues thatUnless teachers develop the practice of critical reflection, they stay trapped in unexamined judgments, interpretations, assumptions, and expectations. Approaching direction as a reflective practitioner involves fusing ad hominem beliefs and values into a professional identity (Larrivee, 2000, p.293). In practice, reflective practice is often seen as the basics of professional identity. Reflecting on performance and acting on refection, as McKay (2008, Forthcoming) notes, is a professional imperative. Indeed, it has been included in official benchmark standards laid down for professional registration and practice (see table 1 in Appendix 1).One example is in the way it has been included, explicitly and implicitly, in all Project 2000 curricula for nurse Diplomas, while reflection is highlighted as a pivotal skill t o achieve required Standards of Proficiencies in nursing and other health professional education (NMC, 2004 HPC, 2004). It has also become a key strand of approaches to the broader field of continuing professional development, work-based learning and lifelong learning (Eby, 2000 HPC, 2006).Given its growing emphasis in professional practice and education, it would seem important to explore the concept of reflective practice in some detail. To this end, this section distinguishes mingled with different types of reflective practice and looks at the sister concepts of reflection, critical reflection and reflexivity. Reflection in and on practiceDewey (1933) was among the first to identify reflection as a specialised form of thinking. He considered reflection to stem from doubt, hesitation or perplexity related to a directly experienced situation. For him, this prompted purposeful inquiry and problem resolution (Sinclair, 1998). Dewey also argued that reflective thinking moved people a way from routine thinking/ attain (guided by tradition or external authority) towardsreflective action (involving careful, critical setting of taken-for-granted cognition). This way of conceptualising reflection crucially starts with experience and stresses how we learn from doing, i.e. practice. Specifically Dewey argued that we think the problem out towards formulating hypotheses in trial and error reflective situations and then use these to plan action, testing out our ideas.Deweys ideas provided a basis for the concept of reflective practice which gained influence with the arrival of Schons (1983) The reflective practitioner how professionals think in action. In this seminal work, Schon identified ways in which professionals could become aware of their implicit knowledge and learn from their experience. His main concern was to promote the development of reflective practitioners instead than describe the process of reflection per se. However, one of his most important and endu ring contributions was to identify two types of reflection reflection-on-action (after-the-event thinking) and reflection-in-action (thinking while doing). In the case of reflection-on-action, professionals are understood consciously to review, describe, analyse and evaluate their past practice with a view to gaining insight to improve future practice.With reflection-in-action, professionals are seen as examining their experiences and responses as they occur. In both types of reflection, professionals aim to connect with their feelings and attend to relevant surmisal. They seek to build new understandings to shape their action in the unfolding situation. In Schons words The practitioner allows himself to experience surprise, puzzlement, or confusion in a situation which he finds uncertain or unique. He reflects on the phenomenon originally him, and on the prior understandings which have been implicit in his behaviour. He carries out an experiment which serves to generate both a ne w understanding of the phenomenon and a interpolate in the situation. (Schon, 1983, p. 68)For Schon, reflection-in-action was the core of professional artistry a concept he contrasted with the technical-rationality demanded by the (still dominant allele) positivist paradigm whereby problems are solvable through the rigorous industry of science. A contemporary example of this paradigm is the evidence-based practice movement, which favours quantitative studiesover qualitative ones, and established protocols over intuitive practice. In Schons view, technical-rationality failed to resolve the plight of rigour versus relevance confronting professionals. Schons argument, since taken up by others (e.g. Fish and Coles,1998), was as follows Professional practice is complex, unpredictable and messy. In order to cope, professionals have to be able to do morethan follow set procedures. They draw on both practical experience and theory as they think on their feet and improvise. They act both intuitively and creatively.Both reflection-in and on -action allows them to revise, modify and refine their expertise. Schon believed that as professionals become more expert in their practice, they developed the skill of being able to monitor and adapt their practice simultaneously, perhaps even intuitively. In contrast, novice practitioners, lacking knowing-in-action (tacit knowledge), tended to cling to rules and procedures, which they are inclined to apply mechanically. Schon argued that novices needed to step back and, from a distance, take time to think through situations. Whether expert or novice, all professionals should reflect on practice both in general and with project to specific situations. Schons work has been hugely influential some would say canonical in the way it has been applied to practice and professional training and education. For example, in the health care field, Atkins and Murphy (1993) identify three stages of the reflective process.The first stage, triggered by the professional becoming aware of uncomfortable feelings and thoughts, is akin to Schons experience of surprise (what Boyd and Fales, 1983, identify as a sense of inner discomfort or unfinished business). The second stage involves a critical depth psychology of feelings and knowledge. The final stage of reflection involves the development of a new perspective. Atkins and Murphy argue that both cognitive and affective skills are prerequisites for reflection and that these combine in the processes of self-awareness, critical analysis, synthesis and evaluation (see Appendix 2). In the education field, Grushka, Hinde-McLeod and Reynolds (2005) distinguish between reflection for action, reflection in action and reflection on action (see Appendix 3).They offer a series of technical, practical and critical questions for teachers to engage with. For example, under reflection for action teachers are advised to consider their resources and how long the lesson will take (technic al) how to make the resources relevant to different learning styles (practical) and to question why they are teaching this particular topic (critical). Zeichner and Liston (1996) differentiate between fivesome different levels at which reflection can take place during teaching1. Rapid reflection immediate, ongoing and automatic action by the teacher.2. Repair in which a thoughtful teacher makes decisions to alter their behaviour in response to students cues.3. Review when a teacher thinks about, discusses or writes about some element of their teaching.4. enquiry when a teacher engages in more systematic and sustained thinking over time, perhaps by collecting data or reading research.5. Retheorizing and reformulating the process by which a teacher critically examines their own practice and theories in the light of academic theories. While Schons work has inspired many much(prenominal) models of reflection and categories of reflective practice, it has also drawn criticism. Erau t (2004) faults the work for its lack of precision and clarity.Boud and Walker (1998) argue that Schons analysis ignores critical features of the context of reflection. Usher et al (1997) find Schons account and methodology unreflexive, while Smyth (1989) deplores the atheoretical and apolitical quality of his conceptions. Greenwood (1993), meanwhile, targets Schon for downplaying the importance of reflection-before-action. Moon (1999) regards Schons pivotal concept of reflection-in-action as unachievable, while Ekebergh (2006) draws onphenomenological philosophy to argue that it is not possible to distance oneself from the lived situation to reflect in the moment. To achieve real self-reflection, she asserts, one needs to step out of the situation and reflect retrospectively (van Manen, 1990). Given this level of criticism, questions have to raised about the wide adoption of Schons work and the wayit has been applied in professional practice and education (Usher et al, 1997). There have been calls for a more critical, reflexive exploration of the nature of reflective practice.Reflection, critical reflection and reflexivityContemporary written material on reflective practice invites professionals to engage in both personal reflection and broader societal critique. For example, work within the Open Universitys Health and genial Care faculty has put forward a model whereby reflective practice is seen as a synthesis of reflection, self-awareness and critical thinking (Eby, 2000) (see figure 1). In this model, the philosophical roots of reflective practice are identified in phenomenology (with its focus on lived experience and personal consciousness) and also in critical theory (which fosters the development of a critical consciousness towards emancipation and resisting oppression ).Self-awarenessRoots phenomenology The cognitive ability to think, feel,sense and know through intuition To evaluate the knowledge derived throughself-awareness to develop understand ingReflectionRoots existentialphenomenology andcritical theory-interpretive and critical theory tool for promoting self- andsocial awarenessand social action improving self-expression,learning and co-operation links theory and practiceReflectivePracticeCritical thinkingRoots scepticism andcritical theory identifying and gainsayassumptions challenging the importanceof context to imagine and explorealternatives which leads toreflective scepticismFigure 1 Skills underpinning the concept of reflective practice. Other authors argue for the concept of critical reflection, which is seen as offering a more thorough-going form of reflection through the use of critical theory (Brookfield, 1995). For adherents of critical reflection, reflection on its own tends to remain at the level of relatively undisruptive changes in techniques or superficial thinking (Fook, White and Gardner, 2006, p.9). In contrast, critical reflection involves care to discourse and social and political analysis it seek s to enable transformative social action and change. For Fook (2006), critical reflectionenables an understanding of the way (socially dominant) assumptions may be socially restrictive, and olibanum enables new, more empowering ideas and practices. Critical reflection thus enables social change beginning at individual levels. Once individuals become aware of the hidden power of ideas they have absorbed unwittingly from their social contexts, they are then freed to make choices on their own terms.Fook and Askeland argue that the focus of critical reflection should be on connecting individual identity and social context rive of the power of critical reflection in opening up new perspectives andchoices about practice may only be realized if the connections between individual thinking and identity, and dominant social beliefs are articulated and realized. (Fook and Askeland, 2006, p.53).For Reynolds (1998), four characteristics distinguish critical reflection from other versions of ref lection (1) its concern to question assumptions (2) its social rather than individual focus (3) the particular attention it pays to the analysis of power relations and (4) its pursuit of emancipation (Reynolds, 1998). By way of example, Reynolds argues that when managers critically reflect (rather than just reflect) they become aware of the wider environment in which they operate. They begin to grasp the social power exercised by their organisation through its networks and relationships. In the field of teaching, Brookfield (1995) characterises critical reflection as stance and dance. The critically reflective teachers stance toward teaching is one of inquiry and being open to further investigation. The dance involves experiment and risk towards modifying practice while moving to fluctuating, and possibly contradictory, rhythms (Larrivee, 2000).A key concept giving momentum to the idea of reflective practice involving both personal reflection and social critique is reflexivity. Re flexive practitioners engage in critical self-reflection reflecting critically on the impact of their own background, assumptions, positioning, feelings, behaviour while also attending to the impact of the wider organisational, discursive, ideological and political context. The terms reflection, critical reflection and reflexivity are often confused and wrongly assumed to be interchangeable. Finlay and Gough (2003, p. ix) find it implemental to think of these concepts forming a continuum. At one end stands reflection, defined simply as thinking about something after the event. At the other end stands reflexivity a more immediate and dynamic process which involves continuing self-awareness. Critical reflection lies somewhere in between.Previously, Ive proposed five overlapping variants of reflexivity with critical selfreflection at the core introspection intersubjective reflection mutual collaboration social critique and ironic deconstruction (Finlay, 2002, 2003). These variants can similarly be applied todistinguishing between the types of reflection practitioners could engage in when reflecting on practice. Reflective practice as introspection involves the practitioner in solitary self-dialogue in which they probe personal meanings andemotions. Intersubjective reflection makes the practitioner focus on the relational context, on the emergent, negotiated nature of practice encounters. With mutual collaboration, a participatory, dialogical approach to reflective practice is sought what Ghaye (2000) calls a reflective conversation. Here, for example, a mentor and student, or members of a team, seek to solve problems collaboratively. Reflective practice as social critique focuses attention on the wider discursive, social and political context. For instance, the practitioner may think about coercive institutional practices or seek to manage the power imbalances inherent in education/practice contexts. Finally, reflective practice as ironic deconstruction would c ue into postmodern and poststructural imperatives to deconstruct discursive practices and represent something of the ambiguity and multiplicity of meanings in particular organisational and social contexts. At the very least, a critical and possibly satirical gaze could be turned to challenging the ubiquitously unreflexive rhetoric of reflective practice.In practice, introspection is the dominant mode of reflective practice. Sometimes presented as merely a promising personal attribute (Loughran , 2006), it is a predominantly individualistic and personal exercise (Reynolds and Vince, 2004) in which practitioners tend to focus on their own thoughts, feelings, behaviours and evaluations. This passes as legitimate reflective practice which professionals then can use to advance their cause to fit formal requirements for continuing professional development.While such reflective practice may take place in dialogical contexts such as supervision sessions, the onus stay on the individual pra ctitioner to reflect upon and evaluate their own practice. What is lacking is any mutual, reciprocal, shared process. Institutional structures and quality assurancesystems encourage, perhaps even require, this individual focus. It starts early on during professional education and training where learners engage professional socialisation and are taught how to reflect, using structured models of reflection.One of the consequences of the lack of consensus and clarity about the concept of reflective practice is the proliferation of different versions and models to operationalise reflective practice.